Principle 1 in particular has been criticised by some Western observers who allege it denies the rights of believers in polytheistic religions, which are practiced by a significant minority of Indonesians. It is also criticized by atheists and secular Indonesians who feel that their rights are violated. The 1st principle of the Pancasila is argued by some to be in opposition to the Indonesian Constitution (UUD 1945), stated as:
Chapter XI. Religion Article 29 1. The State shall be based upon the belief in the One and Only God. 2. The State guarantees all persons the freedom of worship, each according to his/her own religion or belief.
However, Indonesian scholars have long argued that full spectrum of belief is explicitly allowed and no contravention exist, yet one must be understand there is a clear definition on what exactly is State sanctioned and protected. Additionally there is a total ban on communism and socialism in Indonesia, of which atheism is an integral element. The complex State legal argument against atheism or agnosticism is difficult to condense- but essentially atheism as denial of God not so much implies illegal Communist leanings, but denies the sacrosanct humanity of Indonesians and contravenes the Preamble of the Indonesian Constitution- to which all Indonesian citizens are bound, as a condition of their citizenship and by which they are oath-bound to via retention of citizenship.
In contrast, some conservative Muslims have criticized Pancasila for being too secular and inclusive, diluting the uniqueness of Islam by placing man-made precepts at a higher level than the Qur'an. For example, the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) terror group is the latest anti-Pancasila manifestation. JI's precursor was the Darul Islam movement which in 1948 challenged the new secularist republic through civil war that claimed some 27,000 lives.
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